Skip to main content
Download PDF

Sacroiliac and spine imaging in spondyloarthritis: Does phenotype or sex matter?

Advances in Rheumatology volume 64, Article number: 68 (2024) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) encompasses a spectrum of immune-mediated inflammatory conditions primarily affecting the axial skeleton, including sacroiliitis and spondylitis, each with distinct features. This study aimed to investigate imaging disparities, focusing on sacroiliac magnetic resonance and spine radiography, across phenotypes and between males and females in axial SpA.

Method

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess clinical data, laboratory findings, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scores of sacroiliac joints using the Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) and Sacroiliac Joint Structural Score (SSS), and cervical and lumbar spine radiographs utilizing the Modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS). The study aimed to compare these parameters between two groups: axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA, radiographic and non-radiographic) and axial psoriatic arthritis (axPsA), as well as between males and females.

Results

Ninety-four patients were included, with 62 patients in the axSpA group and 32 patients in the axPsA group. There were no differences in disease activity, mobility, radiographic damage in the spine (Modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score– mSASSS), or sacroiliac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scores (Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada Magnetic Resonance Imaging Index - SPARCC and Sacroiliac Joint Structural Score - SSS) between the two phenotypes. Regarding sex, in imaging exams, men had higher mSASSS (p = 0.008), SSS (p = 0.001), and fat metaplasia (MG) score based on SSS (p = 0.001), while women had significantly higher SPARCC scores (p = 0.039). In the male group, the presence of HLA-B27 allele had an impact on more structural lesions on MRI (SSS), p = 0.013.

Conclusion

In this study, imaging of sacroiliac joints and spine in patients with axial SpA did not show differences in phenotypes but did reveal differences based on sex, which may have an impact on future diagnostic recommendations. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Introduction

The term spondyloarthritis (SpA) encompasses a group of chronic inflammatory arthropathies that share genetic and clinical aspects, including ankylosing spondylitis (AS), non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), reactive arthritis, enteropathic spondyloarthritis, and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis [1, 2]. Unlike AS, axial involvement in PsA has a heterogeneous presentation, with a group of patients being completely asymptomatic and others experiencing axial pain, either mechanical or inflammatory in nature. In addition to the differences in clinical presentation between AS and axial PsA, radiographic changes also differ; in PsA, asymmetry in sacroiliac involvement, coarser syndesmophyte formation with an angulation > 45° (referred to as para-syndesmophytes), isolated involvement of the lumbar spine without sacroiliitis, and frequently prevalent and often isolated involvement of the cervical spine have been observed [3,4,5].

A Brazilian study evaluated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sacroiliac joints in PsA patients, regardless of symptoms, and found a prevalence of sacroiliitis of 37.8%, with 47% being unilateral. The most prevalent MRI findings were bone marrow edema (BME), enthesitis, erosion (ER), and fat metaplasia (FAT). Additionally, longer psoriasis duration was predictive of structural lesions [6]. On the other hand, there are few studies comparing MRI findings of sacroiliac joints between axial SpA and axial PsA.

In addition to the differences between phenotypes, sex also appears to influence the clinical manifestations and imaging findings of spondyloarthritis. Women present more peripheral joint involvement, pain, disease activity, and diagnostic delay, while men exhibit greater radiographic damage and higher levels of inflammatory markers [7, 8]. Some of these differences may be related to genetic factors and sex hormones influencing the immune response. These biological mechanisms may contribute to different disease manifestations, perceptions, and treatment responses in men and women with SpA [9].

The aim of this study was to compare the scores obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sacroiliac joint, specifically using the Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) and the Sacroiliac Joint Structural Score (SSS), alongside radiographs of the cervical and lumbar spine, assessed using the Modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS). We sought to examine any variations in these scores among patients with axial spondyloarthritis (both radiographic and non-radiographic subtypes) and axial psoriatic arthritis, with an additional focus on assessing potential differences based on sex. Furthermore, our objective included correlating these imaging findings with demographic and clinical characteristics.

Methods

Clinical assessment

This was a cross-sectional study in which two groups of patients were selected, with all of them required to meet the criteria for axial spondyloarthritis of the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society criteria (ASAS) [2]. Those patients who also met the Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR) [10] with axial involvement were allocated to the axPsA group. Axial involvement was defined as the presence of low back pain for more than 3 months and one of the following findings recorded in the medical records: radiographic sacroiliitis according to the New York classification [11] or positive sacroiliac magnetic resonance imaging for axial spondyloarthritis [12].

Exclusion criteria included age under 18 years or concurrent inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Demographic measures (sex, self-reported skin color, age, body mass index - BMI, occupation, smoking information, and physical activity at the time of data collection) and clinical data (disease duration, presence of peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, dactylitis, or extra-musculoskeletal manifestations at any time during the disease) were evaluated. Manual labor was defined predominantly hand-driven activities, often involving the direct manipulation of tools and materials without significant automation. Information was collected on the following validated assessment instruments of disease activity: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) [13], Axial Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Score - C- Reactive Protein (ASDAS-CRP) [14]. Function and mobility were analyzed respectively by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) [15] and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI) [16]. The psoriatic arthritis activity indices used were: Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) [17] and Body Surface Area (BSA) [18], for psoriasis and Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA) [19] for articular involvement. Additional data were collected on complementary tests, such as the presence of HLA-B27 allele and imaging examination. The patients registered as having fibromyalgia were identified through medical records, and no classification criteria were applied for this condition.

Radiography imaging

For radiographic imaging, the Modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS) [20] was employed, calculated from lateral cervical and lumbar spine radiographs. The mSASSS was performed on patients with the radiographic form of axial spondyloarthritis and on patients with axial psoriatic arthritis. This method is the preferred choice endorsed by Outcome Measures for Arthritis in Clinical Trials (OMERACT) [21]. This involved measuring anterior angles from the inferior endplate of C2 to the superior endplate of T1 and from the inferior endplate of T12 to the superior endplate of S1. Erosion, squaring, shiny corner, syndesmophyte, or bridging were considered, and each was scored from 0 to 3. In cases where certain vertebrae were not visible due to artifacts or imaging technique limitations, an average score was calculated for the missing vertebrae. Samples with three or more vertebrae not visualized were excluded. Two rheumatologists, blinded to clinical information (NPM and RLA), performed this assessment.

Magnetic resonance imaging

Regarding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the SPARCC score [22] and the Sacroiliac Joint Structural Score (SSS) [23] were calculated. The SPARCC score assessed active inflammatory lesions in the sacroiliac joints using T2-weighted sequences with fat suppression or STIR. Scoring was conducted on 6 consecutive coronal slices per joint, with each joint divided into 4 quadrants. Increased signal presence in these quadrants was scored dichotomously, (1, increased signal and 0, normal signal). The maximum score for abnormal signal in the 2 joints of 1 coronal slice is 8. Quadrants that include a lesion exhibiting intense signal and/or depth > 1 cm from the articular surface receive an additional 1 point for each of these findings. Therefore, each slice has a maximum score of 12, with the total maximum (6 slices) being 72. The SSS evaluated structural lesions in the sacroiliac joints based on T1-weighted sequences, scoring fat metaplasia, erosion, backfill, and ankylosis. Scoring was performed on 5 coronal slices anterior to the transitional slice, identified by the appearance of the ligamentous portion (the most posterior part of the joint). The scoring ranges are: for fat metaplasia (FM) (0–40), for erosion (0–40), for backfill (BF) (0–20), and for ankylosis (0–20), thus, the maximum score is 120. To score erosion and fat metaplasia, each joint is divided into 4 quadrants, so each slice has 8 quadrants. To score ankylosis and backfill, each joint is divided into 2 halves (upper and lower). Assessments were carried out by a rheumatologist (NPM) and a radiologist (AFG), both trained in the method and blinded to clinical information. Clinical and laboratory information collected were recorded within a range of up to 6 months before or after the MRI scan and up to 1 year before or after the radiographic examinations.

Statistical analysis

The data were analyzed descriptively, with categorical variables presented as absolute and relative frequencies, and numerical variables as mean and standard deviation. The normality of variables was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The Fisher’s exact test was used to test the association between categorical variables, and the Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for normally and non-normally distributed numerical variables, respectively. Spearman correlations were conducted between numerical variables. Imaging scores mSASSS, SSS, and SPARCC were defined as dependent variables. To investigate the association between the independent variables age, sex, BMI, disease duration, HLAB27 positivity, manual labor, smoking, BASDAI, ASDAS-CRP and dependent variables, linear regression models were fitted. Subsequently, multivariate models were adjusted including independent variables that showed statistical significance and tendency to significance in the univariate models. In all models, the Student’s t-test was used to evaluate the significance of the independent variables. Intraclass correlation (ICC) analyses were performed for the readings of mSASSS, SPARCC, and SSS. The IBM SPSS Statistics version 23 software was employed for the analysis, and p-values < 0.05 were deemed significant.

Results

A total of 94 patients were included in the study, evaluated between 2015 and 2022, with 62 patients in the axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) group and 32 patients in the axial psoriatic arthritis (axPsA) group, who signed the informed consent form. Among the axSpA patients, 24 presented with the non-radiographic form, while 38 exhibited the radiographic form. Of these 94 patients, 56 had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sacroiliac joints (35 men and 21 women), and 58 had cervical and lumbar spine radiographs (38 men and 20 women). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for mSASSS was 0.763 (95% CI: 0.607–0.862), for the SPARCC and SSS scores were 0.879 (95% CI: 0.790–0.932) and 0.905 (95% CI: 0.715–0.959), respectively. The majority of the total group were men (62.8%), white (82.8%), and overweight (mean BMI of 28.6 kg/m²). Other demographic characteristics of the sample are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Clinical and demographic characteristics of the total patient sample, according to phenotype
Full size table

In the total group, mSASSS was higher in manual labor workers (28.27 ± 18.93; p = 0.003) and correlated positively with FM score by the SSS, as well as with age, BMI, and BASMI as described in Table 2. In the multivariate linear regression model with the dependent variable being mSASSS and the independent variables being sex, age, manual labor, only age (p = 0,002) and manual labor were associated with mSASSS. The regression results can be better observed in Table 3.

Table 2 Correlations between imaging variables in the total group
Full size table
Table 3 Multivariate linear regression models
Full size table

Regarding SSS, a positive correlation with disease duration was observed (Table 2). Additionally, a positive correlation was noted between SPARCC score and BF score by SSS. No correlation was found between clinical findings such as BASDAI, ASDAS-CRP, BASMI or BASFI with sacroiliac MRI findings (Table 2).

Differences between axSpA and axPsA groups

There was no difference between these two groups concerning radiographic damage in the spine (mSASSS) or the evaluation of sacroiliac MRI using the SSS and SPARCC, but there was a trend towards a higher SSS score in the axSpA group (p = 0.068) as shown in Table 4. In the axSpA group, a higher positivity of the HLA-B27 allele and a trend towards more cases of uveitis (p = 0.060) were observed. In the axPsA group, there was a higher mean age (p = 0.01) and a higher presence of peripheral arthritis (p < 0.001). Disease activity, function and mobility were similar in both groups (Table 1). Regarding treatment, there was a higher use of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) antibodies (p = 0.01) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (p = 0.026) in the axSpA group, and anti-interleukin 17 (anti-IL-17) antibodies were more commonly used in the axPsA group (p = 0.002), as shown in Table 1.

Table 4 Imaging findings according to phenotype
Full size table

Difference between males and females

In our study, we observed notable differences related to sex. Men demonstrated higher scores in mSASSS, SSS, and FM score by SSS (Table 5). In the multivariate linear regression model with the dependent variable being SSS and the independent variables being sex, disease duration and HLA-B27 positivity, male sex (p = 0,002) and HLA-B27 (p = 0,014) were associated with SSS (Table 3). Particularly within the male subgroup, HLA-B27 carriers showed a higher SSS score compared to non-carriers (24 ± 12.4 vs. 13.5 ± 10.9; p = 0.013).

Table 5 Imaging examination data of the total sample according to sex
Full size table

On the other side, women exhibited a significantly elevated SPARCC score (Table 5). In the multivariate linear regression model, including SPARCC as dependent variable and sex, BMI and smoking as independent, only female sex (p = 0,035) was associated with SPARCC (Table 3). Women had a greater prevalence and fibromyalgia (p < 0.001), as detailed in Table 6.

Table 6 Clinical and demographic characteristics according to sex in the total sample
Full size table

Discussion

Our results showed that, in the comparison of sacroiliac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between patients with spondyloarthritis with axial involvement, there were more differences related to sex than clinical phenotypes.

In our sample of 94 patients from southern Brazil, active disease was predominant (BASDAI > 4), specifically high disease activity (ASDAS-CRP > 2.1), with no difference between the groups. A Brazilian cohort study of 1492 patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) reported a similar mean BASDAI (4.2), and like our study, found no difference between the diseases, reinforcing that the disease burden is very similar between the groups of axSpA [5]. There was a higher use of biologic agents (82.4%) compared to NSAIDs but with no difference between the groups. The use of NSAIDs was higher in the axSpA group (p = 0.026) and lower than the overall average in Latin American countries (68–98%), as shown in a recent meta-analysis [24]. The higher proportion of anti-IL-17 therapy use in axPsA (43.7%) and anti-TNF therapy use in axial SpA (66.1%) may reflect actual treatment recommendations for axial spondyloarthritis in Brazil, in which there is a preference for anti-IL-17 for severe psoriasis, more common in axPsA, and anti-TNF for other extra-musculoskeletal manifestations as uveitis and gastrointestinal disease, more common in axSpA [25].

There was no difference in radiographic damage in the spine assessed by mSASSS between the phenotypes, perhaps due to the limited number of available spinal radiographs for analysis, as studies suggest that ankylosing spondylitis has more severe radiographic involvement of the spine [26].

Regarding sacroiliac MRI, there was no difference in the findings of active or structural lesions between axSpA and axPsA, similar to another Brazilian study [27]. The mean SPARCC scores were relatively low and similar between the phenotypes, likely because the majority of patients were already under treatment when data was collected. Similar findings were observed in a study examining imaging in axial SpA, where most MRIs had low frequency of bone edema, although in that study [5], the authors did not evaluate structural lesions. Gensler et al. [28] compared MRIs between groups of non-radiographic axSpA with and without psoriasis and also did not observe differences in the prevalence of bone edema between the groups, only more asymmetrical sacroiliitis, lower HLA-B27 positivity, and older age in patients with psoriasis.

In radiographic evaluation, men had worse mSASSS, while age and manual labor were independent predictors of mSASSS. The association of worse radiographic damage with male sex is well-described in the literature [29,30,31]. It is also known that physically demanding jobs may amplify the potentiating effects of inflammation on bone formation in axial spondyloarthritis [32]. It is interesting to note that there was a correlation between mSASSS and BASMI, reinforcing the impact of radiographic progression on mobility, as previously reported by Protopopov et al., where higher mSASSS was associated with worse BASMI and BASFI scores [33].

In the MRI analysis, fat metaplasia was more prevalent in men, similar to another study that showed a 3.2 times higher association of this lesion in male patients [OR = 3.23, 95% CI (1.18, 9.53)] [34]. It is known that fat metaplasia is a predictor of ankylosis in spondyloarthritis [35], which justifies greater radiographic damage in male patients. Moreover, SSS was higher in the male group, in which sex and HLAB27 positivity were independent predictors. On the other side, SPARCC score was higher in the female group. A recent study with 379 patients with axial spondyloarthritis observed significant differences in sacroiliac MRI between men and women, showing better diagnostic performance for ankylosis, fat metaplasia, and erosions in men, while sclerosis and bone marrow edema were better markers for diagnosis in women [36].

Another interesting aspect is that in the present study, there was no correlation between disease activity scores and SPARCC, which has also been observed in another study [37]. This difference can be partially explained by the impact of structural damage and sensitization/fibromyalgia on disease activity scores, while MRI often reflects active inflammatory disease [38, 39].

SPARCC was positively correlated with the backfill score by SSS, which is expected since bone marrow edema is a predictor of structural lesions on MRI. Similarly, another study with 52 MRIs of patients with axial SpA observed that higher initial SPARCC scores were associated with greater longitudinal backfill progression [40].

HLA-B27 positivity was an independent predictor of structural damage (SSS score) and particularly in the male group, HLA-B27 positive patients had higher SSS than HLA-B27 negative ones. In a recent study in healthy individuals, being HLA-B27 positive impacted the extent of bone marrow edema (BME) on sacroiliac MRI only in men [41]. Extrapolating to spinal radiography data, the OASIS cohort [42] showed that HLA-B27 positive men, but not women, had significantly greater radiographic progression compared to HLA-B27 negative men. This reinforces HLA-B27 as not only a susceptibility factor but also a worse prognostic factor, particularly in men.

Patients with axSpA had a higher prevalence of HLA-B27 positivity compared to the axPsA group, as expected and shown in other studies [43]. Patients with axPsA were older and had a higher prevalence of peripheral arthritis. It is known that isolated axial involvement in psoriatic arthritis is rare (5%) [44] and the number of affected peripheral joints is a risk factor for axial involvement in psoriatic arthritis, unlike other spondyloarthritis conditions, where there is no apparent relationship between peripheral arthritis and axial involvement [45].

Although women showed numerically higher disease activity and functional metrics, there was no statistical significance compared to men, in contrast to a Portuguese cohort study [46] where female participants had a higher BASDAI score compared to our study (5.7 vs. 4.9) and statistically higher than in men. It is interesting to note that in our study, the mean BASMI score was numerically higher in women, although the literature describes that men have worse BASMI scores due to more severe radiographic damage [7].

The diagnosis of fibromyalgia was more common in the female group, a well-documented fact, as shown in a study that assessed diffuse pain in patients with spondyloarthritis, where women exhibited a two to three times higher probability of generalized axial pain (OR, 3.33; p = 0.007) and peripheral joint pain (OR, 2.34; p = 0.023) [47].

The present study is one of the few that compared sacroiliac MRI findings and the only one to compare the SSS between patients with axSpA and axPsA. The weaknesses include the sample size, transversal design, and the retrospective analysis of clinical and demographic data.

Conclusion

Axial spondyloarthritis and axial psoriatic arthritis are diseases that differ in various clinical, epidemiological, and genetic aspects. However, they seem to have similar findings in the evaluation of sacroiliac MRI and spine radiographic damage. On the other hand, sex appears to be more relevant in the evaluation of axial spondyloarthritis through imaging, and this may have an impact on future diagnostic recommendations. Further studies with a larger number of patients are needed to confirm these findings.

Data availability

The data collected in this study, as well as the statistical analysis performed using the SPSS software, are available and can be promptly provided to interested parties upon request.

Abbreviations

SpA:

Spondyloarthritis

axSpA:

Axial spondyloarthritis

axPsA:

Axial psoriatic arthritis

AS:

Ankylosing spondylitis

nr-axSpA:

Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis

PsA:

Psoriatic arthritis

nr-PsA:

Non-radiographic psoriatic arthritis

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

BME:

Bone marrow edema

ER:

Erosion

FAT:

Fat metaplasia

SPARCC:

Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada Magnetic Resonance Imaging Index

SSS:

Sacroiliac Joint Structural Score

MSASSS:

Modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score

ASAS:

Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society

CASPAR:

Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis

OMERACT:

Outcome Measures for Arthritis in Clinical Trials

BMI:

Body Mass Index

BASDAI:

Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index

ASDAS:

Axial Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Score

ASDAS-CRP:

Axial Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Score C Reactive protein

BASFI:

Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index

BASMI:

Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index

HLA-B27:

Human Leukocyte Antigen B27

STIR:

Short Time Inversion Recovery

T2:

Transverse relaxation time

T1-WSE-MRI:

T1 weighted spin echo magnetic resonance imaging

ICC:

Intraclass correlation coefficient

anti-TNF:

Anti-tumor necrosis factor

NSAID:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

anti-IL-17:

Anti-interleukin 17

DAPSA:

Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis

BSA:

Body Surface Area

PASI:

Psoriasis Area Severity Index

References

  1. Dougados M, Linden S, Van Der, Juhlin R, Huitfeldt B, Amor B, Calin A, et al. The European Spondylarthropathy Study Group Preliminary Criteria for the Classification of Spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum [Internet]. 1991;34(10):1218–27. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.1780341003

  2. Rudwaleit M, Van Der Heijde D, Landewé R, Listing J, Akkoc N, Brandt J, et al. The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): Validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis [Internet]. 2009;68(6):777–83. https://ard.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/ard.2009.108233

  3. Michelena X, Poddubnyy D, Marzo-Ortega H. Axial psoriatic arthritis: a distinct clinical entity in search of a definition. Rheumatic Disease Clin North Am. 2020;46(2):327–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Jadon DR, Sengupta R, Nightingale A, Lindsay M, Korendowych E, Robinson G, et al. Axial Disease in Psoriatic Arthritis study: defining the clinical and radiographic phenotype of psoriatic spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(4):701–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Castillo-Gallego C, Aydin SZ, Emery P, McGonagle DG, Marzo-Ortega H. Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of axial psoriatic arthritis: extent of disease relates to HLA-B27. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(9):2274–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Braga MV, de Oliveira SC, Vasconcelos AHC, Lopes JR, de Macedo Filho CL, Ramos LMA, et al. Prevalence of sacroiliitis and acute and structural changes on MRI in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2020;10(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68456-7

  7. Mease PJ, Mclean RR, Dube B, Liu M, Rebello S, Glynn M, et al. Comparison of men and women with Axial Spondyloarthritis in the US-based Corrona Psoriatic Arthritis/Spondyloarthritis Registry. J Rheumatol [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Jun 2];48:1528–64. Available from: www.jrheum.org.

  8. Stovall R, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Liu SH, Rusman T, Gensler LS. Sexual dimorphism in the prevalence, manifestation and outcomes of axial spondyloarthritis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. Volume 18. Nature Research; 2022. pp. 657–69.

  9. Rusman T, van Vollenhoven RF, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE. Gender Differences in Axial Spondyloarthritis: Women Are Not So Lucky. Vol. 20, Current Rheumatology Reports. Current Medicine Group LLC 1; 2018.

  10. Helliwell PS, Taylor WJ. Classification and diagnostic criteria for psoriatic arthritis. In: Annals of the rheumatic diseases [Internet]. BMJ Publishing Group; 2005 [cited 2020 Jun 19]. p. ii3. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2004.032318

  11. Linden S, Van Der, Valkenburg HA, Cats A. Evaluation of Diagnostic Criteria for Ankylosing Spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1984;27(4):361–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Maksymowych WP, Lambert RGW, Østergaard M, Pedersen SJ, Machado PM, Weber U, et al. MRI lesions in the sacroiliac joints of patients with spondyloarthritis: an update of definitions and validation by the ASAS MRI working group. Ann Rheum Dis [Internet]. 2019 Nov 1 [cited 2023 Jun 3];78(11):1550–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31422357/

  13. Garrett S, Jenkinson T, Kennedy LG, Whitelock H, Gaisford P, Calin A. A new approach to defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis: the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. J Rheumatol [Internet]. 1994;21(12):2286–91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7699630

  14. Van Der Heijde D, Lie E, Kvien TK, Sieper J, Van Den Bosch F, Listing J, et al. ASDAS, a highly discriminatory ASAS-endorsed disease activity score in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(12):1811–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Calin A, Garrett S, Whitelock H, O’Hea J, Mallorie P, Jenkinson T. A new approach to defining functional ability in ankylosing spondylitis: the development of the bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index. J Rheumatol. 1994;21(12):2281–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Jenkinson TR, Mallorie PA, Whitelock HC, Kennedy LG, Garrett SL, Calin A. Defining spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The Bath AS Metrology Index. J Rheumatol [Internet]. 1994;21(9):1694–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7799351

  17. Fredriksson T, Pettersson U. Severe psoriasis– oral therapy with a New Retinoid. Dermatology. 1978;157(4):238–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ramsay B, Lawrence CM. Measurement of involved surface area in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1991;124(6):565–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Schoels M, Aletaha D, Funovits J, Kavanaugh A, Baker D, Smolen JS. Application of the DAREA/DAPSA score for assessment of disease activity in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(8):1441–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. van der Heijde D, Braun J, Deodhar A, Baraliakos X, Landewé R, Richards HB, et al. Modified stoke ankylosing spondylitis spinal score as an outcome measure to assess the impact of treatment on structural progression in ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology. 2019;58(3):388–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. van der Heijde D, Landewé R. Selection of a method for scoring radiographs for ankylosing spondylitis clinical trials, by the Assessment in Ankylosing Spondylitis Working Group and OMERACT. J Rheumatol. 2005;32(10):2048–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Maksymowych WP, Inman RD, Salonen D, Dhillon SS, Williams M, Stone M, et al. Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada magnetic resonance imaging index for assessment of sacroiliac joint inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2005;53(5):703–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Maksymowych WP, Wichuk S, Chiowchanwisawakit P, Lambert RG, Pedersen SJ. Development and preliminary validation of the spondyloarthritis research consortium of Canada magnetic resonance imaging sacroiliac joint structural score. J Rheumatol. 2015;42(1):79–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Citera G, Bautista-Molano W, Peláez-Ballestas I, Azevedo VF, Perich RA, Méndez-Rodríguez JA, et al. Prevalence, demographics, and clinical characteristics of Latin American patients with spondyloarthritis [Internet]. Vol. 61, Advances in Rheumatology. BioMed Central Ltd; 2021 [cited 2021 Nov 13]. pp. 1–12. https://advancesinrheumatology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42358-020-00161-5

  25. Resende GG, Meirelles E de S, Marques CDL, Chiereghin A, Lyrio AM, Ximenes AC, et al. The Brazilian society of Rheumatology guidelines for axial spondyloarthritis– 2019. Adv Rheumatol. 2020;60(1):19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Feld J, Ye JY, Chandran V, Inman RD, Haroon N, Cook R, et al. Is axial psoriatic arthritis distinct from ankylosing spondylitis with and without concomitant psoriasis? Rheumatology [Internet]. 2020;59(6):1340–6. https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/59/6/1340/5583832

  27. Breban M, Marzo-Ortega H, Elewaut D, Van Den Bosch F. Gent, Belgium Presidents Local Organising Committee. Vol. 36, Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2018.

  28. Gensler LS, Szumski A, Jones HE, Baraliakos X. Does psoriatic axial spondyloarthritis phenotype correlate with imaging morphotype? Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020;38(2):329–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Maneiro JR, Souto A, Salgado E, Mera A, Gomez-Reino JJ. Predictors of response to TNF antagonists in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. RMD Open. 2015;1(1):e000017–000017.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Navarro-Compán V, Ramiro S, Landewé R, Dougados M, Miceli-Richard C, Richette P, et al. In patients with axial spondyloarthritis, inflammation on MRI of the spine is longitudinally related to disease activity only in men: 2 years of the axial spondyloarthritis DESIR cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018 Mar;77(3):470–2. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210697

  31. Webers C, Essers I, Ramiro S, Stolwijk C, Landewé R, van der Heijde D, et al. Gender-attributable differences in outcome of ankylosing spondylitis: long-term results from the Outcome in Ankylosing Spondylitis International Study. Rheumatology. 2015;kev340.

  32. Ramiro S, Landewé R, van Tubergen A, Boonen A, Stolwijk C, Dougados M, et al. Lifestyle factors may modify the effect of disease activity on radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a longitudinal analysis. RMD Open. 2015 Sep;1(1):e000153. https://doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2015-000153

  33. Protopopov M, Sieper J, Haibel H, Listing J, Rudwaleit M, Poddubnyy D. Relevance of structural damage in the sacroiliac joints for the functional status and spinal mobility in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: results from the German Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):240.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Liu D, Lin C, Liu B, Qi J, Wen H, Tu L, et al. Quantification of Fat Metaplasia in the sacroiliac joints of patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis by Chemical Shift-encoded MRI: a diagnostic trial. Front Immunol. 2022;12.

  35. Maksymowych WP, Wichuk S, Chiowchanwisawakit P, Lambert RG, Pedersen SJ. Fat metaplasia on MRI of the sacroiliac joints increases the propensity for disease progression in the spine of patients with spondyloarthritis. RMD Open. 2017;3(1):e000399.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Ulas ST, Proft F, Diekhoff T, Rios Rodriguez V, Rademacher J, Protopopov M, et al. OP0073 New perspectives in axial spondyloarthritis - first results of gender-specific assessment of mri imaging criteria. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81(Suppl 1):503–50.

  37. Gezer HH, Duruöz MT. The value of SPARCC sacroiliac MRI scoring in axial psoriatic arthritis and its association with other disease parameters. Int J Rheum Dis. 2022;25(4):433–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. MacKay JW, Aboelmagd S, Gaffney JK. Correlation between clinical and MRI disease activity scores in axial spondyloarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(9):1633–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Williamson L. Clinical assessment of sacroiliitis and HLA-B27 are poor predictors of sacroiliitis diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging in psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatology [Internet]. 2004;43(1):85–8. https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/rheumatology/keg475

  40. Zhang Y, Guo Z, Wang L, Zhan Y, Qu J, Lei X. Baseline severity of Sacroiliitis and extensive Fat Metaplasia predicts the progression of Backfill at the Sacroiliac Joint in patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis. Front Immunol. 2022;13.

  41. Braun J, Baraliakos X, Bülow R, Schmidt CO, Richter A. Striking sex differences in magnetic resonance imaging findings in the sacroiliac joints in the population. Arthritis Res Ther. 2022;24(1):29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Ramiro S, van der Heijde D, van Tubergen A, Stolwijk C, Dougados M, van den Bosch F, et al. Higher disease activity leads to more structural damage in the spine in ankylosing spondylitis: 12-year longitudinal data from the OASIS cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(8):1455–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Feld J, Chandran V, Haroon N, Inman R, Gladman D. Axial disease in psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: A critical comparison. Nat Rev Rheumatol [Internet]. 2018;14(6):363–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-018-0006-8

  44. Gladman DD. Axial disease in psoriatic arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2007;9(6):455–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gottlieb AB, Merola JF. Axial psoriatic arthritis: An update for dermatologists. J Am Acad Dermatol [Internet]. 2021;84(1):92–101. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0190962220309592

  46. Cunha RN, Vieira-Sousa E, Khmelinskii N, Ávila-Ribeiro P, Couto M, Seixas MI, et al. Sex differences in axial spondyloarthritis: data from a Portuguese spondyloarthritis cohort. ARP Rheumatol. 2022;1(1):42–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Swinnen TW, Westhovens R, Dankaerts W, de Vlam K. Widespread pain in axial spondyloarthritis: Clinical importance and gender differences. Arthritis Res Ther [Internet]. 2018 Jul 27 [cited 2023 May 30];20(1):1–11. https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13075-018-1626-8

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This work received no public or private funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil

    Gabriel Caetano Pereira & Fabio Henrique Carneiro

  2. CHC-UFPR/EBSERH, Curitiba, Brazil

    Natalia Pereira Machado

  3. UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil

    André Francisco Gomes & Valderílio Feijó Azevedo

  4. HC-FMUSP-RP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

    Rodrigo Luppino Assad

Authors
  1. Gabriel Caetano Pereira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Natalia Pereira Machado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. André Francisco Gomes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rodrigo Luppino Assad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Fabio Henrique Carneiro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Valderílio Feijó Azevedo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

G.C.P.: Evaluation of cervical and lumbar X-ray images using the mSASSS, medical record data collection, literature review. V.F.A.: Academic advisor for a Master’s degree in Internal Medicine at UFPR. Provides guidance in formulating meaningful research questions, conducting research, and connecting with other researchers, professionals, and relevant institutions in the field of study. N.P.M.: Evaluation of cervical and lumbar X-ray images using the mSASSS method and MRI of the sacroiliac joints using the SPARCC and SSS method. Literature review. Medical record data collection. A.F.G.: Evaluation of resonance images of the sacroiliac joints using the SPARCC and SSS method. R.L.A.: Evaluation of cervical and lumbar X-ray images using the mSASSS method. F.H.C.: Medical record data collection.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gabriel Caetano Pereira.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval and informed consent

The patients who participated in this study signed the approved informed consent form from the ethics committee of the Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (CHC-UFPR), Brazil, under protocol number CAAE 39133220700000096.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pereira, G.C., Machado, N.P., Gomes, A.F. et al. Sacroiliac and spine imaging in spondyloarthritis: Does phenotype or sex matter?. Adv Rheumatol 64, 68 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42358-024-00411-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42358-024-00411-w

Keywords

Advances in Rheumatology

ISSN: 2523-3106