Fig. 5

Effect of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling axis on the proliferation and differentiation of CD4⁺TCs in the CD4⁺T/CD19⁺BCs co-culture system. CD19⁺B/CD4⁺TCs isolated from PBMC of HCs and SLE patients were co-cultured with anti-PD-L1 or isotype antibodies. The proliferation, Tfh, and Treg expression of CD4⁺TCs were detected 72 h later, and the corresponding statistical results are shown. (A-C) shows the statistical results of CD4⁺TC proliferation (A), Tfh (B), and Treg(C). (D-F) The increase rate of proliferating cells (D), Tfh (E), and Treg (F) cells was calculated as follows:\(\frac{\text{Proliferation, Tfh, Treg frequencies anti-PD-L1 group}-\text{Proliferation, Tfh, Treg frequencies isotype group}}{\text{Proliferation, Tfh, Treg frequencies anti-PD-L1 group}}\times 100\varvec{\%}\) ns had no statistical significance (P > 0.05), *P < 0.05