Table 2 Association of clinical characteristics, patient-reported outcomes, and muscle and aerobic capacity with the risk of hip fracture

Clinical characteristics

Multimorbidity^b

1.15 (1.10–21.0)

1.12 (1.06–1.18)

< 0.001

Medications of long-term use

1.06 (1.00–1.12)

1.04 (0.98–1.10)

0.140

Number of falls

1.71 (1.57–1.87)

1.69 (1.52–1.80)

< 0.001

Sedative and/or tricyclic medications^c

1.07 (0.63–1.66)

1.17 (0.75–1.82)

0.470

Patient-reported outcomes

Regular or poor self-perception of health

1.51 (1.02–2.26)

1.59 (1.06–2.37)

0.022

Self-report of difficulty walking

4.69 (2.98–7.18)

3.06 (1.93–4.84)

< 0.001

Self-report of vision problems

1.60 (1.01–2.55)

1.29 (0.81–2.08)

0.270

Self-report falls

2.64 (1.74–4.00)

2.23 (1.47–3.40)

< 0.001

Muscle and aerobic capacity

BMI^d (kg/m²)

0.88 (0.84–0.93)

0.91 (0.87–0.96)

< 0.001

Calf circumference

0.88 (0.84–0.93)

0.93 (0.88–0.97)

0.006

Slow gait speed^e

2.94 (2.04–4.24)

1.80 (1.22–2.66)

0.003