Table 2 Published articles relating vitamin D and neuropsychiatric manifestations in SLE
From: What is known about the effects of vitamin D in neuropsychiatric lupus?
Author | Animal models | Humans | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yan et al. (70) | Karnopp et al. (18) | Li et al. [71] | Tay et al. [68] | Hussein et al. [48] | Sultana et al. (69) | |
Origin | China | Brazil | China | Singapore | Egypt | Bangladesh |
Mouse model | MRL/lpr | Pristane-induced lupus | MRL/lpr | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Summary | Twenty male MRL/lpr mice (aged 2 months) were divided into two groups: SLE and SLE + VD; ten male C57BL/6 J mice were used as the control group | Twenty-three female BALB/c mice (aged 2 months) were divided into three groups: control (CO), pristane-induced lupus (PIL) and PIL mice supplemented with VD (VD) | Forty-eight female MRL/lpr mice (aged 2 months) were divided into two groups: VitD3-treated group and control group. Mice were euthanized at 0 weeks (T1), 2 weeks (T2), 4 weeks (T3) and 6 weeks (T4) | Cross-sectional study in which SLE patients and healthy controls were administered Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics, evaluating total throughput score (TTS) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Levels of 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D were measured | Cross-sectional, case–control study for which thirty patients diagnosed with SLE were recruited along with twenty control individuals with no history of neurologic or psychiatric conditions. All subjects were submitted to a battery of neuropsychological tests. Blood samples were collected to assess serum molecules, including vitamin D | Cross-sectional study in which 19 patients undergoing brain perfusion SPECT were retrospectively studied. All individuals had vitamin D serum level determined |
Treatment | SLE-VD group was treated with Aerococcus and one daily intraperitoneal injection of Vitamin D (2 ug/kg/day) for 4 weeks | VD mice were supplemented with subcutaneous injections of Calcijex (2 µg/kg) every two days for 6 months | Mice in the VitD3-treated group received a 4 µg/kg 1,25-dihydroxivitamin D3 intraperitoneal injection twice a week for 3 weeks | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Main outcomes | SLE + VD group presented: better performance on Morris maze test; less degeneration in the hippocampus; increased expression of VDR and Bcl-2 and decreased expression of Aβ and cleaved caspase-3 in the hippocampus | Positive correlation between VDR and IgG levels in the hippocampus of PIL and VD groups | VitD3-treated group presented: inhibited expression of genes related to cognitive dysfunction; decrease of pathological findings in brain tissues; decreased anti-dsDNA and increased C3 serum levels; increased expression of occludin and claudin-2 in the brain; increased PPAR-γ, BDNF, TGF-β1, TβR-I, Smad2/3 and P-Smad2/3 expression; decreased NF-κB and TNF-α expression | SLE patients presented more 25(OH)D3 deficiency than healthy controls; this deficiency predicted worse TTS; age was the only predictor of TTS | SLE patients presented significantly lower levels of serum Vit-D compared with controls; there was a negative correlation between vitamin D serum levels and performance in executive function tests in the SLE group | Positive correlation between vitamin D serum level and brain perfusion |