Risk factors of systemic lupus erythematosus: an overview of systematic reviews and Mendelian randomization studies

Table 4 Risk factors of SLE

Risk factors
Disease	Endometriosis, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis
Lifestyle	Smoking, drinking, vaccination, silicone breast implants, helicobacter pylori infection, immigration, Vitamin D
Gene polymorphisms	Risk: BLK (rs4840568, rs13277113), VDR BsmI (rs1544410), TNF-α promoter-308 A/G, TNFAIP3 (rs2230926), TNFSF4 (rs2205960), TRAF1/C5 (rs10818488), IL-1B-31T/C, IL-10-1082A/G (rs1800896), HLA-DR3, DR9, DR15, IRF5 (rs2004640, rs2070197), STAT4 (rs7574865), MiR-146a (rs2431697), ITGAM (rs1143679)
	Protect: HLA-DR4, DR11, DR14, IRF5(rs729302, rs2280714), MBL (rs1800451)
	Contradictory: CTLA-4 (rs231775), IL-6-174 G/C (rs1800795), IL-6-572 G/C (rs1800796), IL-18 -137G/C (rs187238), MiR-146a (rs57095329)
	Unrelated:IL-10 (rs1800871, rs1800872), HLA-DR8
Evidence from Mendelian randomization	Disease: celiac disease, Periodontitis
	Lifestyle: coffee consumption, statins, smoking, drinking, Vitamin D
	Cytokines: circulating adiponectin, GDF-15
	Trace elements: selenium, iron
	Gut microbiome

BLK B-cell lymphocyte kinase; VDR Vitamin D receptor; TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α; TNFAIP3 Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 3; TNFSF4 Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 4; TRAF1/C5 Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1, complement component 5; IL interleukin; HLA human leukocyte antigen; IRF5 Interferon regulatory factor 5; STAT4 signal transducer and activator of transcription 4; ITGAM Integrin Subunit Alpha M; MBL Mannose-binding lectin; CTLA-4 Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4; GDF-15 Growth differentiation factor 15

ISSN: 2523-3106