Effects of photobiomodulation and a physical exercise program on the expression of inflammatory and cartilage degradation biomarkers and functional capacity in women with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized blinded study

Table 1 Mean and SD of baseline values, anthropometric and demographic characteristics

Variables	ESP (n = 13)			EAP (n = 13)			CG (n = 10)
Variables	Mean		SD	Mean		SD	Mean		SD
Age (years)	62.29	±	4.39 *	61.57	±	4.42 *	66.5	±	4.06
Height (m)	1.60	±	0.04	1.60	±	0.07	1.60	±	0.06
Body mass (kg)	77.06	±	10.34	78.6	±	12.67	69.9	±	7.29
BMI (kg/m²)	30.11	±	3.64	30.49	±	4.35 *	27.24	±	2.99
Unilateral and Bilateral OA (%)	23% uni 77% bi			23% uni 77% bi			50% uni 50% bi
WOMAC pain	7.43	±	3.48	10.36	±	2.76 ^&	9.1	±	4.33
WOMAC stiffness	3.21	±	2.51	2.57	±	1.55	3.2	±	2.34
WOMAC function	23	±	11.36	30.5	±	7.79 ^&, *	21.3	±	9.25
WOMAC total	33.64	±	15.92	43.43	±	9.89	33.6	±	9.86
IL-10 (pg/ml)	8.52	±	2.09	8	±	2.48	7.21	±	1.39
IL-1β (pg/ml)	5.02	±	0.52	5.47	±	1.16	4.98	±	0.64
CTX-II (ng/ml)	4.24	±	0.78	4.10	±	1.10	4.45	±	0.48
IL-6 (pg/ml)	5.66	±	0.35	5.61	±	0.68	5.34	±	0.13
IL-8 (pg/ml)	11.28	±	2.54	11.25	±	1.77	11.26	±	1.81
TNF-α (pg/ml)	26.94	±	14.88	26.38	±	20.01	19.68	±	1.19

ESP: exercise and sham PBM group; EAP: exercise and active PBM group; CG: control group; BMI: body mass index; kg: kilograms; m: meter; uni: unilateral; bi: bilateral. IL-10: interleukin-10; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; CTX-II: C-telopeptide of type II collagen; IL-8: interleukin-8; TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis
^*statistical difference from CG
^&statistical difference from ESP

ISSN: 2523-3106