Fig. 1
From: Severe COVID-19: what have we learned with the immunopathogenesis?
Renin Aldosterone Angiotensin System in COVID-19. Angiotensinogen is produced by the liver and converted to angiotensin I by renin (produced by juxtaglomerular renal cells) in response to hypovolemia. Angiotensin I can be either converted by ACE into Angiotensin II or metabolized to Angiotensin 1–9 by ACE2. Moreover, angiotensin I can also be converted to Angiotensin 1–7 by ACE2. The Ang 1–7/MAS axis can have beneficial effects on lungs, while the Ang-II / AT1a axis have deleterious effects. Adapted from Yan, T, Xiao, R, Lin, G. 2020 [28]