Table 2 The characteristics and demographics of the study sample used in each included article
From: Gender-specific risk factors for gout: a systematic review of cohort studies
Article | Country | Sample Size | Incident Gout | Exposure(s) | Gender (%) | Age (Years) | Ethnicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bhole et al. (2010) | USA | 4427 | 304 | Age, education, BMI, alcohol consumption, hypertension, medication use (diuretics, hormone replacement therapy), clinical laboratory measures (blood glucose level, blood cholesterol level), and menopause status, diabetes mellitus | Men: 1951 (44%); Women: 2476 (56%) | Mean 46, SD 9 Mean 47, SD 9 | – |
Burke et al. (2016) | USA | 6765 | 230 | Hypertension in patients ≥65y | Men: 46.2% Women: 53.8% | ≥45y | – |
Chen et al. (2012) | Taiwan | 132,556 | 1606 | Age, hyperuricemia, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes | Men: 60,181 (45%); Women: 72,375 (55%) | ≥18 | – |
Chen et al. (2013) | Taiwan | 40,513 | 1189 | Age, hyperuricemia, general obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, hyperglycaemia, renal insufficiency, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, overweight, central obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus | Men: 17,957 (44%); Women: 22,556 (56%) | Gout patients: mean 49.5, SD 15.1 | – |
Choi and Curhan (2008) | USA | 46,393 | 755 | Consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks, diet soft drinks, and fruit juice | Men: 46,393 (100%) | 40–75 | 91% white |
Choi and Curhan (2010) | USA | 89,433 | 896 | Coffee and tea consumption | Women: 89,433 (100%) | 30–55, mean 46, SD 7 | – |
Choi et al. (2004) | USA | 47,150 | 730 | Alcohol consumption | Men: 47,150 (100%) | 40–75, mean 54, SD 10 | 91% white |
Choi et al. (2004) | USA | 47,150 | 730 | Purine-rich foods | Men: 47,150 (100%) | 40–75 | 91% white |
Choi et al. (2005) | USA | 47,150 | 730 | BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, weight change, hypertension and diuretic use | Men: 47,150 (100%) | 40–75, mean 54 | 91% white |
Choi et al. (2007) | USA | 45,869 | 757 | Coffee and tea consumption | Men: 45,869 (100%) | 40–75, mean 54, SD 10 | 91% white |
Choi et al. (2009) | USA | 46,994 | 1317 | Vitamin C consumption | Men: 46,994 (100%) | 40–75, mean 55, SD 10 | 91% white |
Choi et al. (2010) | USA | 78,906 | 778 | Sugar-sweetened soda, diet soda and fruit juice consumption | Women: 78,906 (100%) | 30–55 | 95% white |
Grodzicki (1997) | UK | 2128 | 45 | Diabetes, hypertension, diuretic use | Men: 1060 (50%); Women: 1068 (50%) | 18–65 | – |
Hochberg et al. (1995) | USA | 923 | 60 | Race | Men: 923 (100%) | White: mean 26.1, SD 1.8; black: 29.0, SD 3.8 | White: 571 (62%); black: 352 (38%) |
Maynard et al. (2012) | USA | 6263 | 106 | BMI, obesity, waist-to-hip ratio and weight change | Women: 6263 (100%) | 45–64 | White: 4676 (75%); black: 1587 (25%) |
Maynard et al. (2014) | USA | 11,963 | 724 | Race | Men: 5102 (43%); Women: 6861 (75%) | 45–64 | White: 9143 (76%); black: 2820 (24%) |
McAdams- DeMarco et al. (2011) | USA | 15,533 | 517 | Age, cholesterol, blood pressure, treated hypertension, treated hypercholesterolemia, beer, wine, liquor, BMI, BMI at 21 years | Men: 6100 (39%); Women: 9433 (61%) | 13–87 at baseline, ≥24 at first follow-up | White: 15,533 (100%) |
McAdams- DeMarco et al. (2012) | USA | 5789 | 225 | Diuretic Use | Men: 2445 (42%); Women: 3344 (58%) | 45–64, mean 55, SD 5.7 | White: 3998 (69%); black: 1791 (31%) |
McAdams- DeMarco et al. (2013) | USA | 3524 | 108 | Hypertension, diuretic use | Men: 1649 (47%); Women: 1875 (53%) | 45–64, mean 55, SD 5.6 | White: 3524 (100%) |
Merola et al. (2015) | USA | 98,810 | 2217 | Psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis | Men: 27,751 (100%) Women: 71,059 (100%) | Psoriasis 52.1 (SD 8.4) Psoriasis 63 (SD 6.8) | Psoriasis: White (98%) Psoriasis: White (98.1%) |
Must et al. (1992) | USA | 508 | 16 | Coronary heart disease, atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, colorectal cancer, breast cancer | Men: 256 (50%); Women: 252 (50%) | 6–8 at baseline, mean 53 at first used follow-up | White: 508 (100%) |
Niu et al. (2017) | Taiwan | 30,100 | – | Anti-diabetic medication | Men: 47.6% Women: 52.4% | Non-pioglitazone mean 58.33 (SD11.96), pioglitazone 58.22 (11.87 | – |
Pan et al. (2015) | Singapore | 31,137 | 682 | Hypertension | Hypertensive male: 40.7% Non-hypertensive male: 40.4% | Hypertensive median: 61.3y Non-hypertensive median 59.3y | Hypertensive Cantonese: 50.4% Non-hypertensive Cantonese: 49.2% |
Prior et al. (1987) | New Zealand | 1705 | 46 | Age, BMI, weight, height, arm circumference, arm muscle circumference, subscapular skinfold thickness, triceps skinfold thickness, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglyceride, serum uric acid | Men and women included but numbers not specified | ≥15 at baseline, ≥18 at first follow-up | 100% Tokelauan |
Rai et al. (2017) | USA | 44,444 | – | Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet | Men: 100% | – | – |
Roubenoff et al. (1991) | USA | 1271 | 60 | BMI, weight gain, hypertension | Men: 1216 (91%); Women: 121 (9%) | Median 22 | White: 1301 (97%); non-white: 36 (3%) |
Tan et al. (2017) | Canada | 36,816 | – | Chronic Kidney Disease | Men: 41.6% Women: 58.4% | Mean 68.8 (±3.5) | – |
Teng et al. (2015) | China | 51,114 | – | Food sources of protein | Men (with gout): 55.1% Men (without gout): 41.9% | Mean 55 (±7.4) (with gout) Mean 55.7 (±7.7) (without gout) | – |
Tofler and Woodings (1981) | Australia | 301 | – | Alcohol consumption | Men: 100% | Not stated | – |
Tu et al. (2016) | Taiwan | 34,025 | 22,350 | Alcohol-related diseases | Men: 70.1% | Mean 48.2 (±13.2) | – |
Wang et al. (2015) | USA | 4717 | 46 | Chronic Kidney Disease | Men: 46% | Average age: 45 years | – |
Wijnands et al. (2015) | UK | 442,234 | 221,117 | Diabetes Mellitus | Men: 39.6% | 60.4y (±15.4) | – |
Williams (2008) | USA | 28,990 | 228 | BMI, diet, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness, levels of uric acid | Men:100% | Mean 44.7, SD 10.9 | – |