Table 3 Dietary Inflammatory Index according to the characteristics of the participants

Gender

0.01

–

–

 Males

1.12

1.04

–

–

 Females

1.24

0.99

–

–

Age group

0.006

0.009

0.34

 40–50 years

1.25

0.98

1.17

1.00

1.29

0.96

 51–60 years

1.07

1.06

0.93

1.03

1.14

1.07

 61–70 years

1.19

0.98

1.08

1.05

1.23

0.96

 ≥ 71 years

1.26

1.01

1.24

1.08

1.28

0.98

BMI (kg/m²)

0.45

0.74

0.4

 Underweight (< 18.5)

1.17

1.03

0.87

1.37

1.32

0.81

 Normal weight (18.5–25)

1.17

1.01

1.12

1.05

1.19

1.00

 Overweight (25–30)

1.25

0.99

1.17

1.04

1.30

0.96

 Obesity (≥30)

1.20

1.00

1.12

0.95

1.24

1.01

Race

0.08

0.52

0.08

 White

1.17

0.97

1.10

0.99

1.20

0.96

 Non-white

1.24

1.03

1.13

1.08

1.28

1.01

Geographic region

0.001

0.006

0.01

 South

1.12

1.03

1.16

1.12

1.10

0.99

 Southeast

1.19

0.96

1.11

1.05

1.23

0.92

 Central-West

1.11

0.96

0.84

1.00

1.23

0.92

 North

1.27

1.10

1.29

0.95

1.40

0.97

 Northeast

1.36

0.96

1.19

1.02

1.30

1.12

Area

0.72

0.23

0.2

 Metropolitan

1.17

1.03

1.07

1.03

1.21

1.02

 Interior

1.24

0.98

1.16

1.05

1.28

0.95

Social class^a

0.001

0.005

0.02

 AB

1.06

1.00

0.81

1.13

1.20

0.89

 C

1.18

1.00

1.17

1.00

1.18

1.00

 DE

1.26

1.00

1.18

1.03

1.29

0.99

Alcohol consumption

0.81

0.2

0.12

 Yes

1.20

1.01

1.08

1.01

1.31

0.99

 No

1.21

1.00

1.15

1.06

1.23

0.98

Smoking status

0.89

0.86

0.94

 Current smoker

1.22

0.96

1.12

1.03

1.28

0.91

 Past

1.19

1.01

1.09

1.05

1.25

0.99

 Never

1.21

1.01

1.15

1.05

1.23

1.00

Marital status

0.1

0.48

0.25

 Single

1.26

1.03

1.12

1.18

1.31

0.96

 Married

1.17

1.02

1.12

1.01

1.21

1.02

 Widowed

1.29

0.95

1.26

1.05

1.29

0.94

 Divorced

1.13

1.15

1.16

1.29

1.11

1.10