Table 5 Texts on cognitive disorder in SLE used as references and its results

(Ahn, Kim et al. 2018)

1121 SLE patients

• 429 patients(38.3%) had NPSLE manifestations according to ACR criteria and 216 (19.3%) by Ainiala criteria.

• Higher SLEDAI, antiphospholipid antibody positivity, absence of anti-dsDNA antibody at SLE diagnosis, and fewer years of education are risk factors for development of NPSLE. Presence of NPSLE, especially focal CNS NPSLE, increased the risk of mortality in SLE patients

(Ceccarelli, Perricone et al. 2018)

43 SLE

Patients

• CD: 20.9% at first evaluation (T0) and 13.9% 10 years later (T1)

• CD improved in the majority of the patients. Furthermore, we observed an improvement of the overall cognitive functions.

(Dorman, Micelli et al. 2017)

84 SLE patients

• Working memory: 42%; visual memory: 22%; processing speed: 36%; viso-construction: 20%; semantic verbal fluency: 21%

• They observed a statistically significant association between the higher value of SLEDAI and working memory impairment and a higher value of SLICC and viso-construction and semantic verbal fluency impairment. The association observed in SLE patients between disease activity or damage and some cognitive domains may be involving different pathophysiological brain mechanisms of different areas with different degrees of severity and vulnerability

(Hanly, Fisk et al. 1992)

70 SLE patients

• Cognitive impairment is increased in patients with SLE.

• It may occur independently of clinically overt NP-SLE

• It is more common in patients with active disease who are receiving corticosteroids.

(Langensee, Mårtensson et al. 2022)

91 female participants (33 NPSLE, 29 non-NPSLE, 29 healthy controls)

• Cognitive performance is affected in both non-NPSLE and NPSLE patients

(Leslie and Crowe 2018)

Systematic review / meta-analyse

• Medium-sized deficits were observed in NPSLE patients relative to healthy controls across the domains of: complex attention, delayed verbal memory, language and verbal reasoning (with small ornon-significant differences observed in non-NPSLE patients relative to healthy controls)

(Maciel, Ferreira et al. 2016)

54 SLE

patients

• The overall frequency of cognitive dysfunction was 72.2%

• Executive functions compromised in 20.4%

(Monastero, Bettini et al. 2001)

75 SLE female patients

• Cognitive impairment was identified in 14 (26.9%) and in 12 (52.2%) of subjects with nSLE and NPSLE, respectively.

• Cognitive impairment occurs frequently in both nSLE and NPSLE subjects

(Rayes, Tani et al. 2018)

Systematic review / meta-analyse

• Wide prevalence of CD ranging between 3% and 81%

(Sabbadini, Manfredi et al. 1999)

179 SLE patients

• 114 SLE patients who had never received a diagnosis of neuropsychiatric lupus (neverNPSLE) were studied and compared to 65 SLE patients with known neuropsychiatric involvement (NPSLE)

• Most features of CNS involvement were present in 114 `never-NPSLE’ patients who had no neuropsychiatric manifestations either at the time of the study or in their clinical history, analyzed by: (i) assessment of superior functions (neurocognitive tests and psychiatric interviews);

(Santos, Nascimento et al. 2021)

Systematic review / meta-analyse

• The results for each syndrome: headache (52.2%), seizure disorders (48.6%), cognitive dysfunction (32.9%), mood disorder (28.3%), psychosis (22.7%), cerebrovascular disease (19.5%), acute confusional state (15.7%), movement disorder (9.4%), anxiety disorder (7.2%), aseptic meningitis (5.1%), mononeuropathy single/ multiplex (4.9%), myelopathy (4.2%), demyelinating syndrome (3.2%), cranial neuropathy (2.7%), polyneuropathy (2.6%), Guillain-Barré syndrome (2.5%), autonomic disorder (1.9%), plexopathy (1.3%), and myasthenia gravis (1.3%).

(Seet, Allameen et al. 2021)

Review

• CD has a substantial impact on the HRQoL of patients with SLE.

• The current standard of practice encompasses eliciting a good clinical history of impaired functioning, supported by objective assessment via comprehensive neuropsychological testing.

(Yue, Gurung et al. 2020)

78 SLE

patients

• Total prevalence: 67.9%

• CD was not associated with disease activity

• Serum anti NMDAR antibodt can be used as a predictor for SLE related CD

• Domains affected: delayed recall (80.5%), abstract generalization (79.2%). Verbal repetition and fluency (76.6%)