Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and radiological features of the study groups

Age, years*

61 (50–70)

60.5 (51–70)

61 (50–70)

56.5 (50–70)

59 (50–69)

57.5 (50–70)

0.010

0.842

0.030

Education status, n (%)

N/P

N/P

N/P

N/P

N/P

N/P

0.014

 Primary or lower

56 (57.1)

44 (43.1)

 Secondary or high school

32 (32.7)

32 (31.4)

 Higher education

10 (10.2)

26 (25.5)

Working status, n (%)

N/P

N/P

N/P

N/P

N/P

N/P

0.555

 Actively working

15 (15.3)

14 (13.7)

 Not working

83 (84.7)

88 (86.3)

Marital status, n (%)

N/P

N/P

N/P

N/P

N/P

N/P

0.873

 Married

77 (78.6)

89 (87.3)

 Not married

21 (21.4)

13 (12.7)

Smoking status, n (%)

N/P

N/P

N/P

N/P

N/P

N/P

0.626

 Active smoker

12 (12.2)

13 (12.7)

 Ex-smoker

32 (32.7)

27 (26.5)

 Never smoked

54 (55.1)

62 (60.8)

Knee pain, n (%)

0.308

0.337

0.904

 Unilateral

13 (16.1)

3 (17.6)

16 (16.3)

8 (10.5)

8 (30.8)

16 (15.7)

 Bilateral

68 (83.9)

14 (82.4)

82 (83.7)

68 (89.5)

18 (69.2)

86 (84.3)

Knee crepitation, n (%)

0.234

0.136

0.059

 Unilateral

6 (7.4)

1 (5.9)

7 (7.1)

10 (13.2)

6 (23.1)

16 (15.7)

 Bilateral

75 (92.6)

16 (94.1)

91 (92.9)

66 (86.8)

20 (76.9)

86 (84.3)

Symptom duration, years

5.54 ± 4.99

3.65 ± 3.15

5.21 ± 4.76

3.8 ± 3.79

2.14 ± 2.54

3.38 ± 3.58

0.015

0.108

0.002

Kellgren–Lawrence classification, n (%)

 Right

0.133

0.170

0.016

  Class I

7 (8.6)

1 (5.9)

8 (8.2)

13 (17.1)

9 (34.6)

22 (21.6)

  Class II

26 (32.1)

9 (52.9)

35 (35.7)

29 (38.2)

11 (42.3)

40 (39.2)

  Class III

34 (42)

6 (35.3)

40 (40.8)

28 (36.8)

5 (19.2)

33 (32.4)

  Class IV

14 (17.3)

1 (5.9)

15 (15.3)

6 (7.9)

1 (3.9)

7 (6.8)

 Left

0.001

0.286

0.001

  Class I

1 (1.2)

2 (11.8)

3 (3.1)

15 (19.7)

6 (23.1)

21 (20.6)

  Class II

28 (34.7)

10 (58.8)

38 (38.7)

27 (35.6)

15 (57.7)

42 (41.2)

  Class III

34 (41.9)

5 (29.4)

39 (39.8)

25 (32.9)

3 (11.5)

28 (27.4)

  Class IV

18 (22.2)

–

18 (18.4)

9 (11.6)

2 (7.7)

11 (10.8)

Painful areas other than knee, n (%)

< 0.001

0.028

< 0.001

 Absent

11 (13.6)

6 (35.2)

17 (17.3)

36 (47.4)

18 (69.2)

54 (52.9)

 Present

70 (86.4)

11 (64.8)

81 (82.7)

40 (52.6)

8 (30.8)

48 (47.1)

Postural deviations, n (%)

 Thoracic hyperkyphosis

28 (34.7)

8 (47.1)

36 (36.7)

25 (32.9)

8 (30.8)

33 (32.3)

0.825

0.280

0.515

 Lombar hyperlordosis

44 (54.3)

10 (58.8)

54 (55.1)

39 (51.3)

13 (50)

52 (51)

0.706

0.571

0.559

 Scoliosis

8 (9.8)

1 (5.9)

9 (9.2)

8 (10.5)

–

8 (7.8)

0.893

N/T

0.734

 Genu varum

24 (29.6)

3 (17.6)

27 (27.5)

10 (13.2)

3 (11.5)

13 (12.7)

0.012

0.666

0.009

 Genu recurvatum

–

–

–

–

1 (3.9)

1 (1)

N/T

N/T

N/T

 Pes planus

9 (11.1)

2 (11.8)

11 (11.2)

8 (10.5)

3 (11.5)

11 (10.8)

0.906

1.000

0.921

Number of comorbid diseases*

3 (0–8)

2 (0–4)

3 (0–8)

2 (0–6)

1 (0–6)

2 (0–6)

< 0.001

0.083

< 0.001

Number of drugs used*

2 (0–5)

2 (0–3)

2 (0–5)

1 (0–4)

1 (0–3)

1 (0–4)

< 0.001

0.234

< 0.001