Table 2 Summary of descriptive characteristics of included articles (n = 3)
From: The impact of a low-calorie, low-glycemic diet on systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review
Author, year, country | Participants (n, inclusion criteria) | Intervention | Outcomes | Risk of bias assessment | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants and personnel | Blinding of outcome assessment | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | Other bias | ||||
Davies et al., 2012, United Kingdom [4] | 23 women diagnosed with SLE and classified according to the ACR criteria. Aged 18–65 years, with mild and stable disease, body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2 and stable prednisolone doses 5–20 mg/day | All patients were advised on dietary treatment by the same dietician - 11 subjects were assigned to the Low GI diet, whereby carbohydrate intake was limited to 45 g per day of low GI food, without restricting the consumption of fat and protein 12 subjects were assigned to a conventional Low Cal diet with calorie restriction of 2000 kcal per day, approximately 50% of calories from carbohydrate, 15% from protein and 30% from fat Dietetic support was given in the form of a weekly telephone call | At baseline and at 6 weeks Disease activity: British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) index, the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), the European Community Lupus Activity Measure (ECLAM) and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) damage scores Fatigue and sleep quality: Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Fasting blood Samples: low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglyceride level, serum lipoprotein A, homocysteine, fibrinogen, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and uric acid; oral glucose tolerance test; urine was dip-tested for ketones, blood and protein at baseline and on follow-up | Low risk | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk |
Shah et al., 2002, United States [5] | 17 women diagnosed with SLE for at least six months, have an LDL cholesterol level ≥ 100 mg/dl, and be able to read | Diet intervention group:counselled to follow the National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet Duration: 12 weeks; weekly sessions during the first 6 weeks, followed by telephone counselling sessions every 2 weeks for the next 6 weeks Control group: any dietary advice. Both groups were asked to maintain their usual level of physical activity | Lipid and lipoproteins, body weight, physical activity day food record and quality of life at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks | Low risk | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk |
Silva et al., 2018, Brazil [7] | 31 adolescents with JSLE for at least six months with any clinical manifestation or any degree of disease activity | The nutritional intervention: six steps at monthly intervals and three reinforcement visits (1) general orientation on dietary behaviour; (2) notions of healthy eating based on food rotation; (3) emphases on adequate carbohydrate and fat intake; (4) orientation on adequate salt, sugar, sweetener; (5) qualitative changes emphasizing fruit and vegetable; (6) orientation on lifestyle, sedentary, leisure activities, parties and other events | BMI Height for age Day food record SLEDAI-2 K SLICC-ACR/DI | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear |