Criterion | Cases | Controls | P value | Cases | Controls | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline/First visit | Baseline/First visit | 1-year follow-up | 1-year follow-up | |||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
Acute cutaneous lupus | 60 (49.2) | 22 (24.7) | <  0.001 | 80 (65.6) | 30 (33.7) | <  0.001 |
 Malar rash | 45 (36.9) | 17 (19.1) | 0.006 | 64 (52.5) | 26 (29.2) | 0.001 |
 Photosensitive lupus rash | 29 (23.8) | 14 (15.7) | 0.169 | 34 (27.9) | 16 (18.0) | 0.104 |
 Subacute cutaneous lupus | 18 (14.8) | 1 (1.1) | < 0.001 | 21 (17.2) | 1 (1.1) | <  0.001 |
Chronic cutaneous lupus | 13 (10.7) | 1 (1.1) | 0.005 | 16 (13.1) | 1 (1.1) | 0.001 |
 Discoid rash | 13 (10.7) | 1 (1.1) | 0.005 | 15 (12.3) | 1 (1.1) | 0.003 |
Oral ulcers | 44 (36.1) | 11 (12.4) | <  0.001 | 64 (52.5) | 12 (13.5) | <  0.001 |
Alopecia | 52 (42.6) | 12 (6.8) | <  0.001 | 54 (44.3) | 14 (9.1) | <  0.001 |
Synovitis | 96 (78.7) | 59 (66.3) | 0.058 | 107 (87.7) | 65 (73.0) | 0.011 |
Serositis | 30 (24.6) | 3 (3.4) | <  0.001 | 41 (33.6) | 4 (4.5) | <  0.001 |
 Pleuritis | 22 (18.0) | 2 (2.3) | <  0.001 | 32 (26.2) | 3 (3.4) | <  0.001 |
 Pericarditis | 8 (6.6) | 0 | 0.022 | 9 (7.4) | 2 (2.3) | 0.124 |
Renal disorder | 33 (27.0) | 1 (1.1) | <  0.001 | 49 (40.2) | 2 (2.3) | <  0.001 |
 Proteinuria | 33 (27.0) | 1 (1.1) | <  0.001 | 49 (40.2) | 2 (2.3) | <  0.001 |
 Red blood cell casts | 10 (8.2) | 0 | <  0.001 | 15 (12.3) | 1 (1.1) | <  0.001 |
Neuropsychiatric | 10 (8.2) | 1 (1.1) | 0.027 | 23 (18.9) | 1 (1.1) | <  0.001 |
 Seizures | 5 (4.1) | 0 | 0.075 | 17 (13.9) | 0 | <  0.001 |
 Psychosis | 2 (1.6) | 0 | 0.510 | 6 (4.9) | 0 | 0.041 |
 Myelitis | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.999 | 3 (2.5) | 0 | 0.265 |
 Confusional state | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.999 | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.999 |
Hemolytic anemia | 44 (36.1) | 4 (4.5) | <  0.001 | 61 (50.0) | 4 (4.5) | <  0.001 |
Leukopenia/lymphopenia | 39 (32.0) | (10.1) | <  0.001 | 53 (43.4) | 11 (12.4) | <  0.001 |
Thrombocytopenia | 18 (14.8) | 4 (4.5) | 0.021 | 20 (16.4) | 4 (4.5) | 0.008 |
Anti-dsDNA | 46 (37.7) | 4 (4.5) | <  0.001 | 65 (53.3) | 5 (5.6) | <  0.001 |
Anti-Sm | 29 (23.8) | 5 (5.6) | <  0.001 | 38 (31.1) | 5 (5.6) | <  0.001 |
Antiphospholipid | 30 (24.6) | 5 (5.6) | <  0.001 | 38 (31.1) | 4 (4.5) | <  0.001 |
 Anticardiolipin IgM | 11 (9.0) | 2 (2.3) | 0.047 | 12 (9.8) | 2 (2.3) | 0.046 |
 Anticardiolipin IgG | 23 (18.9) | 2 (2.3) | <  0.001 | 27 (22.1) | 3 (2.5) | <  0.001 |
 Lupus anticoagulant | 6 (4.9) | 5 (5.6) | 0.999 | 8 (6.6) | 5 (5.6) | 0.999 |
 Anti-β2 GPI I IgM | 3/61 (4.9) | 1/42 (2.4) | 0.644 | 3/61(4.9) | 1/42(2.4) | 0.644 |
 Anti- β2 GPI I IgG | 3/61 (4.9) | 2/42 (4.9) | 0.999 | 3/61(4.9) | 2/42(4.9) | 0.999 |
 False-positive VDRL | 4 (3.3) | 1 (1.1) | 0.4 | 4 (3.3) | 1 (1.1) | 0.4 |
Low complement | 69 (56.6) | 4 (4.5) | <  0.001 | 74 (60.7) | 5 (5.6) | <  0.001 |
Direct Coombs test | 34 (27.9) | 6 (6.7) | <  0.001 | 38 (31.1) | 6 (6.7) | <  0.001 |